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The League of German Girls or (cognate) Band of German Maidens〔DeMarco, N. (2001) ''This World This Century: Working with Evidence'' Collins Educational〕 ((ドイツ語:Bund Deutscher Mädel), abbreviated BDM) was the girls' wing of the Nazi Party youth movement, the Hitler Youth. It was the only female youth organization in Nazi Germany. At first, the League consisted of two sections: the Jungmädel, or Young Girls' League, for girls ages 10 to 14, and the League proper for girls ages 14 to 18. In 1938, a third section was introduced, the Faith and Beauty Society (BDM-Werk Glaube und Schönheit), which was voluntary and open to girls between the ages of 17 and 21. With the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945, the organization ''de facto'' ceased to exist. On 10 October 1945, it was outlawed by the Allied Control Council along with other Nazi Party organizations. Under Section 86 of the German Criminal Code, the Hitler Youth is an "unconstitutional organisation" and the distribution or public use of its symbols, except for educational or research purposes, are not permitted. ==History== The Bund Deutscher Mädel had its origins as early as the 1920s, in the first ''Mädchenschaften'' or ''Mädchengruppen'', also known as ''Schwesternschaften der Hitler-Jugend'' (Sisterhood of the Hitler Youth). In 1930 it was founded as the female branch of the Hitler Youth movement.〔(Hitler Youth: Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM) )〕 Its full title was ''Bund Deutscher Mädel in der Hitler-Jugend'' (League of German Girls in the Hitler Youth). In the final electioneering campaigns of 1932, Hitler inaugurated it with a mass meeting featuring the League; on election eve, the League and Hitler Youth staged "evening of entertainment."〔H.R. Kedward, ''Fascism in Western Europe 1900-45'', p 65 New York University Press New York 1971〕 It did not attract a mass following until the Nazis came to power in January 1933. Soon after taking office as 'Reichsjugendführer' on 17 June 1933, Baldur von Schirach issued regulations that suspended or forbid existing youth organizations ('concurrence'). Those youth groups were compulsorily integrated into the BDM, which was declared to be the only legally permitted organization for girls in Germany. Many of the existing organizations closed down to avoid this. These Nazi activities were a part of the Gleichschaltung starting in 1933. The Reichskonkordat between the Catholic Church and Nazi Germany, signed on July 20, 1933, gave a certain shelter to the Catholic youth ministry, but they were the object of much bullying. The "Gesetz über die Hitlerjugend" (law concerning the Hitler Youth) dated 1 December 1936, forced all eligible juveniles to be a member of HJ or BDM. They had to be ethnic Germans, German citizens and free of hereditary diseases.〔"Der Jungmädeldienst", published February 1940, Berlin〕 Girls had to be 10 years of age to enter this League. The BDM was run directly by Schirach until 1934, when Trude Mohr, a former postal worker, was appointed to the position of BDM-Reichsreferentin, or National Speaker of the BDM, reporting directly to Schirach. After Mohr married in 1937, she was required to resign her position (the BDM required members to be unmarried and without children in order to remain in leadership positions), and was succeeded by Dr. Jutta Rüdiger, a doctor of psychology from Düsseldorf, who was a more assertive leader than Mohr but nevertheless a close ally of Schirach, and also of his successor from 1940 as HJ leader, Artur Axmann. She joined Schirach in resisting efforts by the head of the NS-Frauenschaft (Nazi Woman's League), Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, to gain control of the BDM. Rüdiger led the BDM until its dissolution in 1945.〔Michael Kater, ''Hitler Youth'', Harvard University Press 2004, chapter 3〕 As in the HJ, separate sections of the BDM existed, according to the age of participants. Girls between the ages of 10 and 14 years old were members of the Young Girl's League (Jungmädelbund, JM), and girls between the ages of 14 and 18 were members of the Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM) proper.〔Walter S. Zapotoczny , "(Rulers of the World: The Hitler Youth )"〕 In 1938, a third section was added, known as Faith and Beauty (Glaube und Schönheit), which was voluntary and open to girls between 17 and 21 and was intended to groom them for marriage, domestic life, and future career goals. Ideally, girls were to be married and have children once they were of age, but importance was also placed on job training and education. At the beginning of World War II, the Reichsarbeitsdienst became compulsory also for young women. It lasted half a year. Many young women became 'Blitzmädel' (Wehrmachthelferin or female combat soldiers) during World War II. While these ages are general guidelines, there were exceptions for members holding higher (salaried) leadership positions, starting at the organizational level of "Untergau". As regards lower (honorary) positions, even members of the JM could apply for them after two years of membership and would then obtain such a position typically at the age of 13. The higher leadership, however, was recruited from members over 18 and was expected to maintain salaried office for no more than 10 years, and to leave the BDM at the age of 30 by the latest.〔Gisela Miller-Kipp (ed.), ''"Auch Du gehörst dem Führer": die Geschichte des Bundes Deutscher Mädel (BDM) in Quellen und Dokumenten'', Juventa publ., Weinheim et al. 2001, p. 56f.〕 As a general rule, members had to leave when they married and especially when they had children. The BDM uniform was a full blue skirt, middy blouse and heavy marching shoes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「League of German Girls」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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